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Environment and Behavior
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Article

Crowding and Cognitive Development: The Mediating Role of Maternal Responsiveness Among 36-Month-Old Children

Gary W. Evans*, Henry N. Ricciuti, Steven Hope, Ingrid Schoon, Robert H. Bradley, Robert F. Corwyn, and Cindy Hazan

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: gwel{at}cornell.edu.


  Abstract
Residential crowding in both U.S. and U.K. samples of 36-month-old children is related concurrently to the Bracken scale, a standard index of early cognitive development skills including letter and color identification, shape recognition, and elementary numeric comprehension. In the U.S. sample, these effects also replicate prospectively. Statistical controls for income, child gender, maternal age, and maternal education are incorporated throughout. In both samples the association between crowding and cognitive development are mediated by maternal responsiveness. Mothers in more crowded homes are less responsive to their children.

First published on June 1, 2009, doi:10.1177/0013916509333509

Environment and Behavior 2010;42:135.

A more recent version of this article appeared on January 1, 2010

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