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Environment and Behavior
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Restorative Effects of Natural Environment Experiences

Terry Hartig

University of California, Irvine

Marlis Mang

Planning & Design Solutions

Gary W. Evans

University of California, Irvine

The utility of different theoretical models of restorative experience was explored in a quasi-experimental field study and a true experiment. The former included wilderness backpacking and nonwilderness vacation conditions, as well as a control condition in which participants continued with their daily routines. The latter had urban environment, natural environment, and passive relaxation conditions. Multimethod assessments of restoration consisted of self-reports of affective states, cognitive performance, and, in the latter study, physiological measures. Convergent self-report and performance results obtained in both studies offer evidence of greater restorative effects arising from experiences in nature. Implications for theory, methodology, and design are discussed.

Environment and Behavior, Vol. 23, No. 1, 3-26 (1991)
DOI: 10.1177/0013916591231001
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